In my recent article on emerging trends in design research, I intentionally left off the field of neuroergonomics. While it is a growing field, I don't see it becoming commercially viable for several more years. Moreover, it is a fascinating area deserving of it's own posting (or several).
To begin with, the term neuroergonomics represents the merge or overlap of neuroscience and ergonomics/human factors . In other words, how a better understanding of brain functions can improve human factors methods and tools.
A primary research area within neuroergonomics is the application of neuroscience-based technology to the study of ergonomics. Neuroergonomics: The Brain at Work, published in 2007, is a surprisingly accessible and readable collection of chapters covering these technologies, which include relatively familiar ones such as EEG and MRI, and others from the medical field. While such technologies are robust, they can be impractical for real-world applications.
Other methods, while less precise, may have promise for measuring brain activity in less obtrusive ways. For example, transcranial doppler sonography (TCDS - think weather radar for your head), uses localized sensors to measure cerebral blood flood as a potential correlate of workload or stress. For example, higher bloodflow in certain parts of the brain may indicate that the user is working harder to complete a task. Imagine having such a TCDS sensor embedded in a car or cockpit to evaluate if a driver was mentally overloaded and required assistance. For more information on TCDS, see a video of the work being done at the University of Cincinnati (from the dept where I did my grad work, incidentally).
Much of the work in neuroergonomics is at the level of basic research - determining the validity, reliability and practicality of applying such technologies to real world problems. Consequently, the focus tends to be on high-level human factors variables such as attention, workload and stress. Applications to more "everyday" product design problems are further down the road, but probably not as far as you might expect.
Of course, I've barely scratched the surface of the field of neuroergonomics. For more information, I highly recommend the previously mentioned book. You can also check out Raja Parasuraman's work - he is one of the leading researchers in this domain - including this introductory overview.
